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Sambo (; ) is a Russian martial art and combat sport. The word "SAMBO" is an acronym for ''SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya'', which literally translates as "self-defense without weapons". Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the early 1920s by the Soviet Red Army to improve their hand-to-hand combat abilities.〔 Intended to be a merger of the most effective techniques of other martial arts, Sambo has roots in Japanese Judo, international styles of wrestling, plus traditional folk styles of wrestling such as: Armenian Kokh, Azerbaijani Gulesh, Chinese Shuai Jiao, Georgian Chidaoba, Kazakh Kures, Kyrgyz Kurosh, Mongolian Khapsagay, Tatar Köräş and Uzbek Kurash. The pioneers of Sambo were Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov. Oshchepkov died in prison as a result of the Stalin's purges of 1937 after accusations of being a Japanese spy. Oshchepkov spent several years living in Japan and training judo under its founder Kano Jigoro. The two men independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as Sambo. Compared to Oshchepkov's judo-based system, then called "Freestyle Wrestling", Spiridonov's style was softer and less strength dependent. This was in large part due to Spiridonov's injuries sustained during World War I.〔(Виктор Афанасьевич Спиридонов (Viktor Spiridonov) ) – biography at peoples.ru (in Russian)〕 Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Vasili Oshchepkov, is often considered the founder of Sport Sambo. In 1938, it was recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee.〔 == Styles == There are multiple competitive sport variations of Sambo (though Sambo techniques and principles can be applied to many other combat sports). Below are the main formats that are recognized by FIAS. * Sport Sambo ((ロシア語:Борьбa Самбо), ''Bor'ba Sambo'', '' Sambo Wrestling (eng)'') is stylistically similar to Olympic Freestyle Wrestling or Judo, but with some differences in rules, protocol, and uniform. For example, in contrast with judo, Sambo allows some types of leg locks, while not allowing chokeholds. It focuses on throwing, ground work and submissions, with (compared to Judo) very few restrictions on gripping and holds.〔(Classic Sambo – Get the Upper Hand on Your Opponent With Nasty Leglocks ) by Stephen Koepfer, in ''Grappling'' magazine〕 * Combat Sambo ((ロシア語:Боевое Самбо), ''Boyevoye Sambo''). Utilized and developed for the military, Combat Sambo resembles modern mixed martial arts, including extensive forms of striking and grappling. Combat Sambo allows punches, kicks, elbows, knees, headbutts and groin strikes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=UNITED KINGDOM SAMBO ASSOCIATION )〕 Competitors wear jackets as in sport sambo, but also hand protection and sometimes shin and head protection. The first FIAS World Combat Sambo Championships were held in 2001. The World Combat Sambo Federation, based in Russia, also sanctions international combat sambo events. * Freestyle Sambo – Created and debuted by the American Sambo Association (ASA) in 2004. These rules differ from traditional Sport Sambo in that they allow choke holds and other submissions that are not permitted in Sport Sambo such as certain neck cranks and twisting foot locks. Freestyle Sambo, like all Sambo, focuses on throwing skills and fast ground work. No strikes are permitted in Freestyle Sambo. The ASA created this rule set in order to encourage non-Sambo practitioners from judo and jujutsu to participate in Sambo events.〔(Freestle Sambo Rules ). Ussambo.com (2010-08-23). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sambo (martial art)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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